AT&T Archives: Similiarities of Wave Behavior (Bonus Edition)

For transmission lines: _Similarities of Wave Behavior_, presented by Dr. J. N. Shier (of Bell Labs fame, and whose team invented the phototransistor): ▶ this video It's an easy thing to watch at any level, with both brilliant practical demonstrations and supporting math provided.

It is not "hard" after some practice, but you need to be willing to learn. In general, DFM is a specialized area most EE have zero training in unless they chose to study it as an option. John Shive's Wave Machines is where every student should start: ▶ this video Remember to have fun =3

Get a ham radio technician license, and you may develop an intuitive perspective on most electrical engineering concepts. i.e. the physics lab derivation of the core EE tool set is unnecessary if you understand what the models are describing. AI is slop in and slop out... and dangerous to students... =3 John Shive's Wave Machines is where every student should start: ▶ this video

Wifi radios are generally designed for 50 Ohm impedances. But household TV coax in the States (RG-59, RG-6, RG-11, and friends) is 75 Ohm. And impedance matters. How much it matters varies by application, but it can be very important. There's more going on in bit of coax than a shielded conductor[1]. (Relatedly, twisted pair cabling like Cat5e has more going on than a few pairs of wires that happen to be twisted.) But the concept of having a pair of radios connected together with coax does, of course, work fine as long as the I's are crossed and the T's are dotted. I've set up PtP Wifi-ish wireless links on the bench with attenuators and coax jumpers instead of antennas, but I kept the characteristic impedance consistent throughout. (Many-to-many networks are also possible, with similar caveats.) [1]: Similarities of Wave Behavior, as presented by Dr. J.N. Shive, 1959. ▶ this video

This video from Bell Labs showing various behaviors of waves using a nifty mechanical wave machine to make everything visible might be enlightening. The whole thing is useful, but those who are just interested in impedance and reflections can skip to chapters 4 and 5. ▶ this video

In RF electronics, wires end up looking like transmission lines. Here’s one of the classic lectures on wave propagation and reflections, where it looks at similarities in wave behaviour across mechanical, electrical, acoustic and optical systems. AT&T Similarities of Wave Behaviour (1959): ▶ this video

Thinking of an electron as a thing that travels from the start of the circuit to the end results in a bad mental model. Think of it as a wave, and then watch this video ▶ this video . Then you will have a strong mental model.

> And as a bonus, an explanation about transistors from 1953 And here is a 1959 video from the same source about wave behavior [1]. It covers reflection from open and closed ends, superposition, standing waves and resonance, impedance mismatching, and tapered-section transformers all in a way that makes it really easy to understand. [1] ▶ this video

There's no all in one stop for understanding radio but these 5 resources helped me a lot. The RF Get Down courses. This is by far the best material online to learn RF and how modulation works: link 3blue1brown's video tutorial on the fourier transform: link AT&T Archives: Similiarities of Wave Behavior ▶ this video Quadrature Signals: Complex, But Not Complicated by Richard Lyons, link link Antenna Theory's website and forums, link I also highly recommend getting a $20 rtl-sdr USB software defined radio dongle. They're great toys for learning RF, what modulation is , and exploring the spectrum.

This very old video does it all explain better than all todays videos. The models are just so simple, no animations. ▶ this video

This outstanding 1959 movie from Bell Labs demonstrates standing waves, impedance matching, and more in a very nice way using a couple of Shive wave machines, hosted by Dr. Shive himself [1]. [1] ▶ this video [2] link

If you want to understand how TDR works, watch this classic tutorial from the mid-50s in the AT&T archive. The first 5 minutes, showing the reflection of an open and short circuit is enough. * AT&T Archives: Similiarities of Wave Behavior ▶ this video Many are surprised when they learned that it's possible to detect the location of a break in the mains wiring or an Ethernet cable, just by doing an electrical test from one end of the cable (some Ethernet cards even have builtin TDR support!). There's no closed loop, why is it possible to test anything electrically? Because at high frequency, the circuit becomes an electromagnetic waveguide. Basically like a radar, you send a fast electrical or optical pulse to the electrical cable or the optical fiber, the EM wave travels along the cable until it hits the break and reflects back. You record the time and listen for the echo. All discontinuities (such as damages) on the line will reflect and distort the original pulse. Use the speed of light to pinpoint the location of the fault.

Another great older film is "Similarities of Wave Behavior" [1] from Bell Labs. It was aimed at college students, and covers in a very clear way these topics: reflection of waves from free and clamped ends, superposition, standing waves and resonance, energy loss by impedance mismatching, and reduction of energy loss by quarter-wave and tapered-section transformers. [1] ▶ this video

Thank you for this link! The part starting here is particularly interesting to me: ▶ this video Why is that? Well, because a long time ago, I built an extremely low-power battery operated DC Tesla Coil. It worked, but the one thing I could not figure out was why the coil with the small number of turns, the coil that typically encircles the long coil with the many turns, why this coil with smaller turns -- had to be positioned a slight distance up the many turns coil, and not either directly at its end, nor at its middle. Well, this video, at the point I've noted, explains the answer why. It also explains the relationship between frequency, length of resonator, and ability to create larger amplitude waves via additive superposition, that is, the ability of one wave, travelling in one direction, has the ability to add to the amplitude/crests of another wave travelling in the other direction BUT IF AND ONLY IF THEY ARE IN PROPER ALIGNMENT ! Which, incidentally, is the principle behind how a laser works (in addition to a Tesla Coil!). Also, there's the knowledge here that we can change the frequency to match the resonating coil/cavity/resonator length/etc., OR we can change the resonator length/coil length (in a Tesla Coil this is accomplished by moving the smaller outer coil with less turns on it) to match the frequency. So we can choose one to adjust to match what's needed by the other. Now, if say, a Tesla Coil is storing energy when in operation by additive/constructive interferen

Nice observation. And indeed with a little work a torsion spring makes for a great analogue for waves of all sorts: ▶ this video

Also check out the excellent video from Bell Labs: “Similarities of Wave Behaviour (1959)” [0], which showcases termination, reflection, resonance and impedance using the Shive Wave Machine. [0] ▶ this video

Bell Labs' 1959 video "Similarities of Wave Behavior." By far the best introduction to the subject of waves of any sort. ▶ this video

>> Anyone know of more videos like this one? Sure. Similiarities of Wave Behavior (1959) ▶ this video The link above skips the modern fluff at the beginning. Shive uses a mechanical transverse wave machine to demonstrate the concepts involved in transmission lines, including reflection, standing waves and impedance matching.

I've never understood why these old instructional films so often seem much better at getting things across and making them stick in my mind than more modern material. A couple other examples. 1. A 1959 film from Bell Labs on wave behavior that made standing wave, reflections, energy loss due to impedance mismatch, and impedance matching much clearer than anything else I've seen: [1]. 2. A 1937 explanation of how the differential in a car works: [2]. Here is another upload of that which is lower resolution, but has more from the same source in the sidebar [3]. I suppose it could be something akin to survivorship bias that makes old educational films seem so good--the bad ones don't get remembered 60 years later. [1] ▶ this video [2] link [3] link

I'm even jealous of the engineering students that came before me! :P Visualization is such a powerful tool. I didn't really understand waves until I saw "Similarities of Wave Behaviour" ▶ this video